Moby Dick and the Whaling Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 956 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Moby Dick Essay Did you like this example? Herman Melville uses the perils of whaling to develop his idea of revenge in his well-written book, Moby Dick. Melville went through many experiences growing up such as being in the navy, whaling, and then being held captive by cannibals (gateway proquest). When he returned home from his journeys he began to write about his previous experiences. Melville was an exceptional author; writing many books during his lifetime. At the time Moby Dick (one of Melvilles most popular books) was being written, America was trying to establish its nationality and international identity (novels for students, encyclopedia). The country did this by establishing colonies and figuring out who can be allowed in America. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Moby Dick and the Whaling Industry" essay for you Create order Melville keeps the reader on their toes with the way he changes the point of view several times. Ishmael is the narrator throughout the book and he is introduced in the beginning with a very famous line Call me Ishmael. He switches up the point of view in 2 different ways; first and third person. As he describes the events in his book, he uses his own thoughts and the thoughts and feelings of other characters in the book from an outside point of view. Without Ishmael there would be no story. He is a very different person in human nature, but as the narrator he is a very unique person. Then we have Ahab, he is described as a very mystical person because no one knows about him. But he was considered an ungodly, god-like person because he always thought ahead about everything. As soon as Moby Dick ate his leg, he immediately wanted revenge. He also has a white scar down his face from a thunderbolt. Some even say it runs down his whole body. Then we have Starbuck, he is Captain Ahabs c hief mate. He was mainly the chief mate because of how skinny and limber he was. He was the only one that had the courage to stand up to his captain. Queequeg is the harpooner Ishmael met and had to room with him in the inn. Stubb is a humorous person. When he tells his men to do something he has a sarcastic tone so it doesnt feel like they are being bossed around. Pippin gets scared when they were on the way to get a whale and jumps out but luckily Stubb saves him. As the story goes on you learn more about why Moby Dick is so important to these whaling voyagers. The very large white sperm whale has sunken so many ships and has so many scars and has killed many people. Ahab wants him so bad because he left a very big white scar on his face and ripped his leg off, but Ahab managed to leave his mark on the large whale. While Moby Dick was being written, America was going through a wild period because they were trying to establish their identity both nationally and internationally. Transcendentalism, the idea that God was in this world as well as every individual, was the principle philosophical and religious view point. This was proposed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in his essay, Self- Reliance. In the 1850s, whaling was a very unregulated business, American whalers were free to sail the open seas and hunt for whales in any waters. Barely a year after his return, Melville finished is manuscript on the semi- fictional novel based on his first travel to Marquesas. In the year that Moby Dick was being published, a whaler was sunk by a sperm whale in circumstances similar to that of the climax in this novel. Herman Melville was born in New York City in 1819 to his parents Allan and Maria. Both of Melvilles grandfathers, Thomas Melville and Peter Gansevoort, were Revolutionary war heroes, which Herman Melville had great pride in. Melvilles family was very dedicated to their faith, in fact, nearly three weeks after Herman Melvilles birth, he was baptized at his home by a minister of the Southern Reform Dutch church. Allan Melville sent all of his sons to the New York Male School. Unfortunately, Melville had to drop out of school at the age of fifteen and go to work due to the loss of his father. At the age of twenty, Melville started the beginning of his career on vessels. In one of his books, REDBUN, he describes his first voyage as both thrilling and harrowing. In the middle of one of his voyages, Melville jumped ship at the Marquesas and lived there for a month among the cannibals. In this time, the natives capture him and held him captive in the valley of Typee. He was able to escape by boarding an Australian trade ship. This experience sparked a new novel called Typee, which he found great success in. In 1851, one of Melvilles greatest novels was published, it was not immediately recognized, but as years went on it became more popular. Melville published many more novels after this, but he did not experience very much success. By the time of his death, September 28, 1891, Melvilles reputation declined greatly. The failure of his works led him to wonder if a book in a mans brain is better off than a book bound in calf- at any rate it is safer from criticism. Herman Melville was a great author, his novels reflected his very adventurous lifestyle. One of his greatest successes Moby Dick, gives a great sense of excitement and adventure by changing up the points of view. As you can see, Melville had a semi rough child hood suffering losses in his family and having to go to work at an early age. Herman Melville uses the perils of whaling to develop his idea of revenge in his well-written book, Moby Dick.

The Effects Of Overpopulation On Human Population

Erin Williams April 30, 2015 Anthropology Edwin Accomando Paging Captain Planet We need a major reduction in human population, stat! Ok, maybe that’s not a viable solution, but it does beg the question; â€Å"How many people does it take to break the world?† Currently, there are a little over 7 billion people on the planet and there is already some cause for concern. Overpopulation, extreme weather, and a drought that’s causing a water shortage. Is the abundance of humans the cause or is it simply happening because it can? Overpopulation can cause many issues for the inhabitants of the affected area as well as the planet. With more people comes more use of the planet’s resources. More wood for houses means less trees for the absorption of carbon dioxide and other harmful gasses. More cars to meet the demand of the people means more output of carbon monoxide and the depletion of the ozone layer that protects the planet from solar radiation. More solar radiation means climate shifts that affect weather patterns, agriculture, and the geographical composition of the planet. Take California for instance, the state is currently in an unprecedented drought that is threatening the state’s water supply. Is global warming the culprit? Yes and no. The drought itself may be the effect of something else because droughts have happened outside of human interference but the increasing temperatures certainly isn’t helping the situation. As stated in â€Å"Anthropogenic warming has increasedShow Mo reRelatedThe Effects Of Overpopulation On The Human Population1532 Words   |  7 PagesWith rapid population growth and urbanization escalating, overcrowding has concerned many scientists, researchers, and the human populace as a whole. Overpopulation, the condition where an area holds more people than in which the area can properly function, is a serious issue which has many adverse effects on the well-being of a healthy human population. A growing seven billion people live on Earth and factors such as pollution, and human well being may all be affected by overpopulation, and continuedRead MoreThe Environmental Impact of Overpopulation Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesThe human population has continued to grow through the decades. The increasingly large number of people that have become apart of the world population has become a major problem. The consequences of the world being over populated has numerous effects which include: Environmental effects, depletion of natural resourc es, effects on the economy, food and water instability, and mass species extinction. Without a solution to the rise in human population, by the year 2020, 8 billion people will liveRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Overpopulation1073 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are the effects of overpopulation? Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the number of existing people on earth exceeds the carrying capacity of the earth. However, overpopulation has not always been a problem. At the dawn of agriculture, 8000 B.C., the population was approximately 5 million. 8000 years later, 1 A.D., the number of people existing on earth was between 200-300 million. That’s a growth rate under 0,05% per year. A tremendous change occurred with the industrial revolutionRead MoreThe Effects Of Human Overpopulation On The Environment1242 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Human Overpopulation on the Environment â€Å"Can one apple slice feed the world?† If the world were an apple, farmland would only be one very thin slice. The growing population on this Earth has some serious questions that it needs to consider as a whole. How are we all going to eat with eight billion mouths to eat? Farmers have an interesting proposition, they need to feed a growing population with very little land. Overpopulation also has negative effects on the earth through pollutionRead MoreOverpopulation Is More Than Just A Crowded Planet1343 Words   |  6 PagesIn the year 1 A.D., the Earth’s population was 300 million. In 1850, after many decades of consistent population growth, it eventually surpassed one billion. From that point on in history, the world population began to climb rapidly (Haub). Each year, the world population surpasses what any scientist has ever thought possible. Some would consider this expansion as a sign of success considering the causes of a rapidly growing population inclu de improved health care, new technology, progressive erasRead MoreOverpopulation : We Must Figure It Out For Save The World Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pages Overpopulation: We Must Figure It Out to Save the World It may not be something you think about often, but human population growth is a big issue in our world today and this problem needs to be solved in the future to save our planet. Overpopulation is a condition that will be in effect if the population exceeds the carrying capacity on Earth. The carrying capacity is the peak population that can sustain human life on Earth. It is uncertain what Earth’s carrying capacity is for the human raceRead MoreHuman Overpopulation1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of overpopulation has different perspectives regarding whether or not it is happening as well as its apparent effects of both the environment and its inhabitants. The idea of human overpopulation being a problem most clearly begins around the time of Thomas Robert Malthus’ publishing of An Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers. In his writing, Ma lthus describesRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Serious Problem1442 Words   |  6 Pagesbe the greatest threat to the entire world is overpopulation. Overpopulation is a serious problem that is having an extreme effect on the health of every citizen of every country. The problems caused by overpopulation could even prove to be a fatal epidemic to the human population. Oftentimes overpopulation is overlooked due to a lack of knowledge or simply because many government officials have dismissed overpopulation and call it a myth. Overpopulation is an enormous and serious global problem thatRead MoreThe Problem Of Overpopulation And Overpopulation872 Words   |  4 PagesHuman overpopulation. Human population can be defined as the condition whereby, the total count of the human inhabiting a certain area exceeds the carrying capacity of the area Bongaarts, (2011). This brings out an issue of the carrying capacity of the region which alludes to the number of individuals who can inhabit a certain area for a given period. It may also be looked at as the situation whereby the available renewable resources in a certain area can satisfactorily support the current populationRead MoreOverpopulation Is Not An Issue1357 Words   |  6 PagesOverpopulation is not an issue many people in developing countries face at this point in time. Put simply, overpopulation is â€Å"the condition of having a population so dense that it causes environmental deterioration, an impaired quality of life, or a population crash† (Merriam-Webster). It should not be taken lightly because it cannot be reversed in a short time period. Changes must be made gradually so that future generations do n ot suffer consequences that current generations have place upon

Leadership And Change Management Swot Analysis

Question: Discuss about theLeadership and Change Management for Swot Analysis. Answer: Evaluation of the Leadership and Change Management Development Plan Evaluation of the leadership and the change management development plan is necessary as by evaluating and analyzing the actual effectiveness of this plan will only give the insights where the company is required to put higher efforts and where there is need of any particular strategy to manage the barriers for achieving success and growth in the business. The SWOT analysis technique, various evaluation techniques as well as the annual reports will be utilized to measure and evaluate the success of the plan. After evaluation there has been found that the company is required to decrease its products costs which are increasing annually as well as rather than laying off the employees PepsiCo must implement strategies to have a cost management and profit maximization in the company (Colvin, 2012). There are several changes which took place under the leadership of Indra Nooyi such as development of the snacks, drinks and products which are health-conscious rather than just manufacturing the soft drinks. She manages to overcome the negative impacts majorly issues related to obesity posed by the products of PepsiCo. She bought various innovations in the operations, business and in the organization which supports the success of the company (Snyder, 2015). Another change took place was the expansion of the portfolio where there were introduced several new and innovative products for capturing the market. In the leadership of Indra Nooyi there were also changes regarding the management as various senior mangers joined the company to gain development with their experience. Drawbacks/Limitations in Leadership Style of Indra Nooyi Increased Competition At the timeframe when Indra Nooyi joined the PepsiCo Group the company holds the recognized and finest position in the market. Pepsi was identified as the leader of the soft drinks market but in few years only there was a reverse scene which took place in the industry. The market capturing of Coca-Cola keeps on increasing year by year and respectively the extensive market share of Pepsi was rapidly declining and thus increased market competition and incompetency of the PepsiCo. Group to sustain that completion was one of the drawbacks of the leadership of Indra Nooyi (Feng and Enomoto, 2013). Failure in Hitting Stated Revenue Targets The already stated revenue targets in last few years were too high that they were unable to meet by Indra Nooyi and her leadership faces a strong impact due to decreased revenues of the PepsiCo. Group (Barnett and Colvin, n.d). Beaten Up of the PepsiCos Flagship Product The leading and eye-catching product of PepsiCo which was considered as the flagship product of the company was completely beaten up by the opponents products. The company was unable to stand within the market competition and thus the stakeholders doubted the leadership traits of Indra Nooyi Laying Off Employees To cut-off the increased costs, Indra Nooyi lay off the jobs of around 8,700 workers. Thus step of her leadership strategy drowned her image as a successful leader as instead of adopting other cost management techniques she chosen the laying off of the employees (Bureau, 2011). Act Slowly Another drawback or limitation o Indra Nooyis leadership was time utilized for the incorporation and implementation of a new strategy. The overall execution took a lot of time and the outcomes were delayed and thus the slower processes decreased the competitive spirit of the company (Freedhoff, 2014). Increased Production Costs One significant limitation in the leadership style of Indra Nooyi came into light when the production costs of the products and the business operations hiked and this increased production cost sustain back the company from being an efficient competitor and thus the employees were are getting negatively impacted by these increased production costs (Moore, 2007). Smart Recommendations for the Development/Implementation Plan Specific:The specific recommendations for the development or implementation plan of PepsiCo includes the Specific objectives which focuses over the short term objectives the company wants to achieve and it is required to be very much precise about that. The specific recommendations are decreasing of the production cost of the company, increasing its market share by 20 percent by the year 2020 and increasing the market share through the delivery of healthy and consumer friendly products and drinks. Measurable:The measurable recommendations are the one whose evaluation and success can be measured from time to time. There is a need that the recommendation must be measurable such as for PepsiCo the measurable recommendations comprises of such as for decreasing the production cost, the company needs to evaluate the quarterly result so that there can be effective measurement and evaluation of the strategies that whether they have been implemented correctly or not. Achievable:The recommendations for the development plan are required to be achievable which means that the company must be competent enough to perform those things rather than just planning various things which PepsiCo is unable to act or achieve in the real timeframe. As per the competence and inherent capabilities of the business operations and the employees the company should form strategies such as the revenue targeted for 2020 is 20 percent which sound to be achievable and with various strategies the production cost will also going to decrease. Relevant:The only reason why the company is undergoing any change in its policies and strategies should not be that the other companies ate also going through the same or its the trend of the market. Rather there must be evaluation that what will be the impact of the change, either it is required at the present time or not and what all are the benefits attained with this change management. The relevant recommendations are to increase competitiveness the various strategies related to cost management and profit maximization must be incorporate. Time-Oriented:The one major element is time frame in which the recommendations are needed to be achieved as if the implementation is very slow and the actual time has been lapsed for the execution then the results and outcomes will be of no or of minimum use so it is essential that everything should be worked as per the time planned for that respective activity. Here the time is three to four years for getting the desired results (Fanzo, Hawkes and Rosettie, 2016). Leadership and Change Management Development Plan There is a need of change management development plan in PepsiCo as with the effective and supportive leadership traits the company can attain higher profits and success. The business industry has experienced extensive number of cases where just the change in the leadership has altered the entire picture of the company. The change in the leadership will eventually change the mindset and working behaviour of the employees. A few changes in the leadership of Indra Nooyi can once again make the brand the leading one in the industry. There can be use of a tool called force field analysis tool which can better assist in the decision taking regarding the change management plan. The leadership and change management development plan can be finalized by adopting the SMART recommendations provided above as well as by implementing strategies by the leader to decrease the production cost, boosting the morale of the employees, reducing laying-off of the employees, enhancing revenues and decreasin g time taken for implementing strategies (Cummings and Warley, 2014). References Barnett and Colvin, n.d. Pepsi's CEO faces her biggest challenge, Fortune, Retrieved on: 25th September, 2016, Retrieved from: https://fortune.com/2012/02/13/pepsis-ceo-faces-her-biggest-challenge/ Bureau, ET., (2011), World Inc caught in a leadership crisis: Indra Nooyi, The Economic Times, Retrieved on: 25th September, 2016, Retrieved from: https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-04/news/30359642_1_indra-nooyi-leadership-crisis-brands Colvin, G. (2012). Indra Nooyis Pepsi challenge.Fortune Magazine. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Fanzo, J., Hawkes, C., Rosettie, K. (2016).Making SMARTer commitments to nutrition action: Global nutrition report guidance note. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. Feng, Y., Enomoto, C. (2013). Did Fortune 500 Companies With Female CEOS Lay Off Fewer Workers In The Great Recession?.Leadership Organizational Management Journal,2013(2). Freedhoff, Y. (2014). The food industry is neither friend, nor foe, nor partner.Obes Rev,15(1), 6-8. Moore, A., (2007), Indra Nooyi's Pepsi challenge, Market watch, Retrieved on: 25th September, 2016, Retrieved from: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/indra-nooyi-puts-her-brand-on-pepsis-pressing-global-challenges Snyder, B., (2015), 7 quotes that prove what kind of leader Indra Nooyi really is, Fortune, Retrieved on: 25th September, 2016, Retrieved from: https://fortune.com/2015/06/07/indra-nooyi/

Ballista Physics Essay Example For Students

Ballista Physics Essay The Results of this experiment is Ballista Basic Information A Ballista was one of the siege engines used during the Medieval Era and was an invaluable siege attack weapon. The Ballista was used by both the attackers and defenders as an effective anti-personal weapon. For defenders the positioning upon the walls of a fortification would afford additional range to the weapon, and some were placed on pivoting frames to allow for quickly repositioning a shot. For attackers, the Ballista was sometimes a wagon mounted carry-ballista, allowing it retreat mobility in the field. History of a Ballista The Ballista history dates back to antiquity. The Ballista is believed to be an ancient war engine which was invented by the Greeks and modified by the Romans in BBC. The Ballista reached Europe during the Medieval era and was used extensively by the French. History notes that the Ballista was introduced to England in 1216 during the Siege of Dover as were many other types of siege engines. Louis the Dauphin of France crossed the Channel with a large force and laid siege to Dover Castle making a lenient and incessant attack on the castle walls. He used the Ballista against the walls and men of Dover Castle. Physics off Ballista The Ballista looked like a large frame-mounted crossbow, however, its firing mechanism was quite different. Two torsion springs mounted in a frame wound wind in opposite directions to pull back throwing arm. A rope, which was used in a similar way to a bow string, connected the two throwing arms and was mechanically retracted into firing position. The throwing arms were originally designed using wood ND animal sinew (tendon tissue). It could be configure to throw either bolts or stones but eventually became primarily for bolt throwing. A Ballista mechanism (picture form Mediaevalists. Com) The equations that are used to measure a ballista of force, velocity and range are : VIA=ax -?siskin/g F=force applied x=the length of a Ballista g=acceleration due to gravity m=mass v=Locality r=range a-?acceleration The constants that will be used throughout these experiments are as follows: Results Are as follows:

TEST 1 WORLD SOCIETIES Example For Students

TEST 1 WORLD SOCIETIES What was the main usefulness of the lateen sail? It maximized use of monsoon trade winds. The magnetic needle compass was so important because it allowed navigators to: sail under cloudy skies on the open seas. What led to the growth of Melaka as a cosmopolitan entrepà ´t? Its strategic location between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea Which of the following is a reason for the success of Islamic trading firms in the Mediterranean? They benefitted from a legal system that promoted a favorable business environment. Which of the following accurately describes commerce in Song ports? State officials registered, examined, and taxed cargo on ships. Which of the following accurately reflects slavery in Islamic society between 1000 and 1300 CE? Slaves served as seafarers, soldiers, domestics, and plantation workers Which of the following reflects the attitude exhibited by Muslim rulers toward Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians, as long as they accepted Islams political rule? Non-Muslims were free to choose their own religious leaders and settle internal disputes. In the Islamic world circa 1300 CE, which of the following provided unity? The Sufi movement offered a unifying force within Islam, despite disapproval from the clerics. Which of the following shows the impact of Ibn Rushds work outside of the Muslim world? He wrote the Shah Nama, which influenced Chinese literature. Which of the following contributed to the Sufis success in spreading Islam to common people? Living in communal brotherhoods and the emotional accessibility of their mystical practices Which of the following explains the success enjoyed by Turkish warlords in conquering sections of South Asia? They introduced their own culture while accepting local practices such as the varna system. Which of the following was the most successful Islamic state in India during the thirteenth century? The Delhi Sultanate Which of the following exemplifies the cultural diversity and blending that took place in the Delhi Sultanate? Multiple languages flourished, including Turkic, Persian, and many local Indian languges. Turkic rulers in India hastened the absorption of Buddhism into Hinduism by which of the following actions? Depriving Buddhism of local spiritual leaders by destroying large monasteries The Song dynasty was unable to completely secure its reign because: the Song were unable to contain the northern nomadic tribes Which of the following made Song iron production in the eleventh century equal to that of Europe in the eighteenth century? Using piston-driven bellows Which of the following was an effect of the Song economys rapid expansion? The supply of metal currency could not meet the demand for it, leading to the creation of paper money. How did Some Emperors lessen the power of the hereditary aristocracy? They increased the number and power of scholar officials in the government bureaucracy. Which one of the following accurately characterizes the Song dynastys power? The Song were relatively weak militarily, despite some of their technological advantages. Between 1000 and 1300, which of the following accurately describes Japans leaders outside of Heian? They began to distance themselves from Chinese influence concerning political and social authority. By the early 1300s, which of the following new social groups supported regional nobles in their competition for political and cultural power with the emperor in Heian? Ambitious samurai What led to a fusion of religious and cultural influences in Southeast Asia? The Malay Peninsula was home to many entrepà ´ts for a variety of merchants shuttling between India and China. What helped crystallize Chinese cultural identity during the Song dynasty? A print culture established classical Chinese as the common language among educated classes in East Asia. Which of the following was the most important political and social change after the Carolingian Empire collapsed? The class of knights subjugated previously free peasants, leading to serfdom in much of western Europe. Why did the rulers of Kievan Russia reject western European religious and political models? Orthodox Christianity spread to Kiev from Constantinople, and Russian trade ties were to the south and east. In what ways was Christian Europe changing during the period from 1000 to 1300 CE? New religious orders and universities arose, and the number of parish churches increased. Which of the following accurately describes Francis of Assisi and his followers? They preached that European believers should weep, confess their sins to their local priest, and strive to become better Christians. Which of the following accurately reflects the thought of Thomas Aquinas? He attempted to prove that Christianity was the only religion that fully met the aspirations of all rational human beings. Which of the following best summarizes the effect of the Crusades on the Southwest Asia? Muslim feelings hardened against the Franks and the millions of Christians who had previously lived peacefully in Egypt and Syria. Which of the following is one of the elements vital to the creation of Europes Christian identity? The emergence of universities and a class of intellectuals associated with them Why were the Spanish conquest of Toledo and the expulsion of Muslim forces from Sicily said to be more important than the Crusades? These campaigns marked turning points in relations between Christian and Muslim power in the Mediterranean. What was the predominant form of social organization in the tropical rain forests of western and central Africa? Small-scale farming societies led by local councils What allowed the Mande-speaking peoples to become the primary agents for social and economic integration within West Africa? Their political organization and expertise in commerce What was an effect of Mansa Musas hajj on the Muslim world? It demonstrated that West Africa was no longer on the isolated periphery of Muslim lands. Which of the following describes the importance of Timbuktu in the fourteenth century? It was a commercial center in West Africa that was an intellectual center for Muslim scholars. Which of the following were the most valued commodities shipped from the East African coast? Slaves and gold Which of the following is an accurate description of the Chimà º Empires growth in South America? It expanded across numerous ecological zones from pastoral highlands to fishing grounds on the Pacific Coast. Which of the following is a similarity between the Chimà º and the Han and Sui Empires? The bureaucracy oversaw the construction and maintenance of irrigation canals. Which of the following accurately describes the Toltecs of Mesoamerica? They rose to power rapidly because they filled the void left by the decline of the city of Teotihuacà ¡n. Which of the following is a similarity between Chan Chan, Tula, and Cahokia? All three were the hubs of major regional trading networks. Which of the following correctly characterizes the Cahokians? The Cahokians built, without draft animals or the use of the wheel, large earthen mounds for use in religious ceremonies. Which of the following constitutes a reason for the beginning of the Mongol invasions under Chinggis Khan? The need to find new grazing land for their herds, which were growing too quickly for available resources What was one of the reasons for the Mongols success in conquering and governing extensive realms? They incorporated some of the ways and technology of conquered people. In contrast to Kublai Khans actions when he captured Hangzhou, what were Hulagus actions after he captured Baghdad? He permitted his troops to savagely slaughter the citys population. What environmental change is credited with forcing pastoral peoples and plague-bearing rodents into closer contact with settled agricultural villages? Drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands South Asia was less severely affected by the Black Death than were settlements along the Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea because: South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to Mongol-controlled trade routes. Which of the following is the best description of the economic impact of the Black Death on Afro-Eurasia? The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest. Populations in both China and Western Europe succumbed to the plague in large numbers because both had: suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations. In order to reestablish political order following the crises of the fourteenth century, many dynastic rulers: fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source. Which of the following statements best explains the impact of the Black Death on the influence of the Christian church in Western Europe? The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church. Which of the following was the most important factor in the rise of the Ottoman Empire? Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region The Ottoman Empire conquered and absorbed much of what Christian power? The Byzantine Empire To consolidate rule over their conquered empire, the Ottoman sultans: adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam. Seeing themselves as the shadow of God on earth, Ottoman sultans: funded construction of elaborate mosques. Which of the following statements best describes the Ottoman rulers stance toward regional differences within their territory? They were flexible and tolerant. The janissaries: maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan and limited the autonomy of provincial rulers What was the Western European Christian churchs response to challenges to its authority following the plague? The church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines. In the fourteenth century, political stabilization in southern Europe was aided by: economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia. Throughout the fourteenth century, Portuguese Christian rulers attempted to consolidate power by: devoting themselves to fighting the Moors. The Portuguese monarchs successfully consolidated their political power by: granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants. In Spain, a strong dynasty was created primarily through: marriage. Which of the following was a major milestone in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain? The last Muslim stronghold in Spain—Granada—fell to Christian forces. In the late fifteenth century, Ferdinand and Isabella reacted to the Ottoman expansion by: using the Inquisition to create a more homogeneous state. Why did Europeans turn for inspiration to the art and learning of classical Greece and Rome as they rebuilt society after the devastation of the plague? Renaissance humanism provided more scope for secular individuals to act in an expanding world. Identify the primary reason that Renaissance culture spread throughout Europe by the late sixteenth century: economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders. Which of the following was a major consequence of the Renaissance? A network of independent, educated people who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church. In The Prince, Niccolà ² Machiavelli argued that: the prince should rule based on the principles of modern statecraft instead of moral or religious The group that eventually drove the Mongols out of China was known as: . the Red Turbans. Which of the following statements best describes the early Ming dynasty? It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after Mongol rule and plague. To project imperial power and grandeur, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty: constructed the Forbidden City. Ming rulers strengthened their role in traditional rites and ceremonies to: show that the gods favored the Ming. Emperor Hongwu, because he distrusted state bureaucrats and wished to be seen as the guardian of his subjects, entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders. Ming officials, in contrast to rulers in Portugal and Spain, viewed maritime expansion as: a potential source of disorder and instability. In what way was the effect of the Forbidden City on the populace similar to that of Topkapi palace? Both projected a sense of awe and power. The main goal of Zheng Hes voyages was to: reestablish trade and collect tribute. As a result of the Ming dynastys abandoning support for oceanic exploration: Chinese maritime power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia. Which of the following did the rulers of Ming China, the Ottoman Empire, and Western Europe use to unify their expanded territories? Artists and architects, who projected the rulers grandeur and power Which of the following was a major difference between the rulers of Spain and Portugal and the Ottomans? The Spanish and Portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories. . Following the crises of the fourteenth century, which of the following was the most resistant to change? Religious and cultural systems Which of the following factors led to Chinas economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? Thriving and elaborate internal trade networks Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia? They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean. Why was Chinas demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets. After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China? The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas. What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland? Officials established caravan series for travelers refreshment and protection. What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century? Golds value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals. Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts? The caravel was a method of finding longitude, which allowed Portuguese mariners to locate themselves out of sight of land. From where did the Europeans get the model of sugar cane production used in their American colonies? West Africa What was Portugals primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade? To take over the trade or tax local merchants Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century? The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships. Which of the following accurately describes Columbuss first impression of the Taino people? He believed that they were childlike primitives. Which of the following are reasons that Taino peoples were initially repulsed by Europeans? Europeans hairiness and bad manners What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda? The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos. Which of the following was essential to the Aztec states legitimacy? Kinship and clan networks In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs constant warfare? The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives. Which of the following was the determinative factor in the Spaniards conquest of the Aztecs? Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites. Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires? Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish. The establishment of colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth century provided Europeans with which of the following advantages in global trade? European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas. The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following? Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa. What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century? 90 percent Which of the following characterized Spanish tributary empires? The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants. Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century? Mesoamerica and the Andes What was Europes main contribution to the Atlantic system? Military technology What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean? Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations. Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations? Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions. Which of the following sparked Martin Luthers challenge to the Catholic Church? Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences. Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin? The belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the scriptures The Protestant Reformation encouraged the growth of nationalism in Europe by encouraging people to: identify their religion with their local state and language. In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways? The Church sought to reform clerical corruption. What circumstance permitted the English and Dutch to expand their trade in Asia and the Americas? They took advantage of Spains bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars. Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries? Some Protestants requested support from the Ottoman Turks, asking them to attack the eastern sections of the Holy Roman Empire. In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs? Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity. During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce? They used the resources to glorify their courts architecture and art. Which of the following accurately describes a change in Chinas economy during the Ming dynasty? Silver money replaced barter in Chinas internal markets. In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence? As wives or concubines in the Forbidden City What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties? Both were able to limit European traders to port cities. Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macao? The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China. In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit? Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe. What advantage was provided by the English East India Companys royal charter? It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England. During the sixteenth century, what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties? The European presence enhanced Asian rulers wealth and might.

Smoking pathophysiological effects

Smoking pathophysiological effects Pathophysiological Effects There are several pathophysiological effects that are associated with smoking and a majority of smokers are at risk of suffering from one of these effects or the other. Mobascher and Wintere (2008) point out that the pathophysiological effects of smoking are usually brought about by the many harmful chemicals that are contained in tobacco.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Smoking: pathophysiological effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Mobascher and Wintere (2008) these chemicals have been shown to have adverse effects in the smoker’s body and even those people who are exposed to second hand smoke. The chemicals normally adversely affect most of the body’s principal organs including the heart, lungs, kidneys and brain. Starting with the heart, smoking has been shown to result to damage of the arterial walls. This consequently compromises the arteries c apacity to transfer blood to the heart effectively. This implies that the arteries capacity to supply oxygen to the heart might be compromised with resulting to heart related medical complications such as heart attacks or strokes. In addition to the heart, smoking also might result to adverse effects on the lungs and indeed the entire respiratory system. Mobascher and Wintere (2008) assert that smoking can result in reduction of the lung capacity consequently leading to breathing difficulties. Some of the specific ways through which smoking can result in reduced lung capacity include; reducing the size of airways and increasing the rate of accumulation of mucus material in the lungs. These effects have the impact of increasing the lungs vulnerability to infectious diseases including lung cancer (Mobascher Wintere, 2008). Dependence on Nicotine In addition to the effects of smoking on the various body organs including the heart and lungs, smoking has also been shown to have adverse effects on the brain resulting to a compromise of the entire nervous system. According to Porth (2010), nicotine, one of the chemicals contained in tobacco, is responsible for the brief â€Å"feel good† feeling that is usually brought about by smoking. This feeling, as pointed out by Porth (2010), is usually directly as a result of stimulation of a specific part of the brain known as the mesolimbic system. It is this stimulation that results to the fell- good effect of nicotine.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, Porth (2010) notes that the stimulation and the resultant effect brought about by nicotine is short lived, and this aspect is what is behind the addictive effects of tobacco. This is because, in order to experience this effect the smoker needs to ‘light up’ many times. In doing so, their chances of suffering from one or more of the aforementioned health effects of smoking, is increased. Moreover, Porth (2010) asserts that as one continues to engage in smoking, their tolerance levels to nicotine and other chemicals contained in tobacco keeps on increasing. Overtime, a person who used to smoke two cigarettes to experience the stimulating effects of nicotine might be required to smoke about five cigarettes, for the same dose of stimulation. Despite the obvious health risks associated with smoking, there are proponents of this risky habit and this group of people has advanced various reasons for their stand. Porth (2010) points out that one of the arguments that is being touted as a benefit of smoking by the proponents of this risky habit touches on the suppressing effects of cigarettes. According to Porth (2010), smoking has been shown to be effective in suppressing the effects of various mental disorders. Thus, many people argue that it can be effective in treating mental illnesses. In addition to that, the suppression effects of smoking has also been applied in the treatment of various addictions such as alcohol and cocaine addictions whereby the addicts are allowed to use cigarettes to suppress some of the ‘cravings’ that they might have during the rehabilitation exercise. However, this suppression effect, just like any other smoking effect, is temporary. Consequently, many addicts who depend on smoking to help them fight their addictions usually end up relapsing. References Mobascher, A. A., Winterer, G. G. (2008). The molecular and cellular neurobiology of nicotine abuse in schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry, 41(1), 1325-1330.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Smoking: pathophysiological effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Porth, C.M. (2010). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Mandatory and discretionary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mandatory and discretionary - Research Paper Example Mandatory spending is that part of the federal budget which is allocated by law toward the provision of such programs as social security and Medicare. Mandatory expenditures are the payments required by specific laws. Discretionary budgets are renewed annually as part of the budgeting activity (Novick, Morrow & Mays, 2014). This form of spending is negotiated by the President and the Congress every year through annual appropriation bills such as funding for cabinet department. Most public health programs fall within the mandatory budgets because they involve the allocation of proper medical care to the public through construction of health care facilities, building hospital, provision of health insurance and proper home care to the elders (Pickett & John, 1990). These programs also relate to creation of awareness to the public on benefits of maintain proper health. An example of an expenditure that is considered mandatory is funding for defense and security which is necessary to maintain law and order as well as security to the citizens. An example of a discretionary expenditure would be funding for such activities as housing, educations and space exploration (Pickett & John, 1990). This is so because, the weight of the needs of these services is not so mandatory but necessary for state