Scientific Writing Essay Example for Free

Scientific Writing Essay Scientific writing -is a form of technical writing that reports scientific observations and results in a manner governed by specific conventions. Examples and Observations (Definition #1): Sustaining a dead body until its organs can be harvested is a tricky process requiring the latest in medical technology. But its also a distinct anachronism in an era when medicine is becoming less and less invasive. Fixing blocked coronary arteries, which not long ago required prying a patients chest open with a saw and spreader, can now be accomplished with a tiny stent delivered to the heart on a slender wire threaded up the leg. Exploratory surgery has given way to robot cameras and high-resolution imaging. Already, we are eyeing the tantalizing summit of gene therapy, where diseases are cured even before they do damage. Compared with such micro scale cures, transplantswhich consist of salvaging entire organs from a heart-beating cadaver and sewing them into a different bodyseem crudely mechanical, even medieval. (Jennifer Kahn Stripped for Parts. Wired, March 2003. Reprinted in the Best American Science Writing 2004, edited by Dava Sobel. HarperCollins, 2004) On Explaining Science 1. The question is not should you explain a concept or process, but how can you do so in a way that is clear and so readable that it is simply part of the story? 2. Use explanatory strategies such as . . . Active-voice verbs Use the Active Voice . . . Most of the Time When a verb is in the active voice, the subject of the sentence is also the doer of the action. Active Voice- John picked up the bag It is in the active voice because the subject, John, is also the thing or person doing the action of picking up. Passive Voice -The bag was picked up by John The subject of the sentence, bag, is the passive receiver of the action. . . . Analogies and metaphors Analogies- comparison between two things that are similar in some way, often used to explain something or make it easier to understand. Metaphors- the use to describe somebody or something of a word or phrase that is  not meant literally but by means of vivid comparison expresses something about him, her or it  ex. Saying that somebody is a snake. Backing into an explanation, that is, explaining before labeling Selecting critical features of a process and being willing to set aside the others, as too much explanatory detail will hurt rather than help. 3. People who study what makes an explanation successful have found that while giving examples is helpful, giving nonexamples is even better.  Nonexamples are examples of what something is not. Often, that kind of example will help clarify what the thing is. If you were trying to explain groundwater, for instance, you might say that, while the term seems to suggest an actual body of water, such as a lake or an underground river, that would be an inaccurate image. Groundwater is not a body of water in the traditional sense; rather, as Katherine Rowan, communications professor, points out, it is water moving slowly but relentlessly through cracks and crevices in the ground below us. . . . 4.Be acutely aware of your readers beliefs. You might write that chance is the best explanation of a disease cluster; but this could be counterproductive if your readers reject chance as an explanation for anything. If you are aware that readers beliefs may collide with an explanation you give, you may be able to write in a way that doesnt cause these readers to block their minds to the science you explain.

How is the Monster portrayed in chapters 11-16 of the novel Essay

How is the Monster portrayed in chapters 11-16 of the novel Frankenstein? The story ‘Frankenstein’ takes the reader through the daunting re-animation of a creature so beyond comprehension. This newborn-creation, degraded from birth yet mighty in spirit, plays out his painful life in search for what is known as true ‘humanity’ but is shown to ultimately fall to vengeance. Mary Shelley, the author of this novel, had lived days of misery and a life of a misfortunate nature. The figure of death had been a constant companion to her. Many members of her family including her mother and several children had all lost their lives to the deep sleep. Her fantasies delved deeper into the world of restoration and resurrection until she actually found a way to channel all these thoughts. And so was the birth of ‘Frankenstein’. The chapters mentioned in the title (11-16) are significant when the subject of matter is focused on the creature. Details of the creature’s behaviour, thoughts, feelings and actions are all concentrated upon here and so it is relevant to point to these chapters when referring to the creature. These are also the chapters in which the creature itself gives its own personal views of his miserable existence. From reading the former chapters, the reader’s outlook of the creature is in great contrast to what is seen by the end of the story. Dr. Frankenstein begins with his immediate and long-term ambitions. His professionalism in natural philosophy and chemistry urges the reader to be almost encouraging in the creation of the monster. The overwhelming effort and the hardships faced by the doctor is sympathised by the reader in supporting him to even go as far as ‘playing God’’. When the ... ...g on to his society and ‘belong’ somewhere. Isolation is not preferred by most. People opt for ‘walking with the herd’. It is only a natural desire but a corrupt society full of evil, injustice or misunderstandings does evidently change a person away from his ‘natural’ behaviour. I do not feel as though Mary Shelley gave much expression of fear of science. From her biographies and life-accounts, it can be seen that such things were not a ‘scary’ topic for her. She wanted to restore her children if she could and she believed science was the only possible answer. I think the general people at large felt a certain degree of fear at science. Yet as she disregarded religion and opposed it much as her parents had done so, she would not have seen science as a problem. However, she may have employed the people’s fear of science to make her story more appealing.

Swot & Pest Analysis

SWOT & PEST analysis Strengths †¢UK’s largest full service scheduled airline – this makes it a popular company with customers which brings in more business which will then bring in more money for the company. Caribbean routes are new and selling well – as they are selling well, the sales will be up on the flights which will bring in more money and more popularity with the customers which will then mean more and more people will use the company rather than their rivals which will then bring in more money and make rival companies miss out on money †¢Head office is situated near Gatwick which is convenient – it is convenient because customers and/or staff will easily be able to get there if they need to as it is situated near the company’s main working airport and not in the middle of nowhere or in a different country. This means that any problems can be sorted out quicker as people don’t need to travel to the head office if it was situated anywhere else †¢Pilots are well paid and tend to stay – the company are then able to keep flights on schedule which will keep the customers happy and wanting to fly with them †¢Half of the Airbus and Embraer fleet has been bought new in 2002 which is good for passenger confidence – passengers will have confidence in the technology of the planes and trust them not to fail which will keep them happy and wanting to fly with them †¢Passenger growth was up 16% from 2003 to 2004 with over 8 million passengers per year carried – more passengers means that the company is making more money and also means more passengers are using this company rather than rival companies †¢Awards won: oBusiness Airline 2002: What Airline? oBest European Carrier: Passenger News Top Airline Cuisine 2003: The Flying Chef (Sunday Times column) à ¢â‚¬â€œ with these awards won, the company will have popularity as the best for these features and will keep customers wanting to travel with the company and make new customers from rival companies †¢Kestrel Air uses travel agents to sell its products – this makes it easier as travel agents are good at selling products †¢Has its own reservations department at head office and a website where customers can book online – customers will find it easier to book flights so the company can sell more flights easier and quicker. Also less staff will be needed so money can be saved in their wages †¢New features: oParticipates in the Pet Travel scheme oTelemedicine service on all flights oLaptop plug in and telephone service in business class oSelf check in at Heathrow and Gatwick – all these features give passengers more reason to use this company rather than others if the others don’t already have the features Weaknesses Operation slots are very expe nsive and difficult to acquire – as they are difficult to acquire, it will be hard for the company to get enough of them as they need, but even if some do become available, they will be expensive to purchase so the profits will be used to buy them †¢Failed to gain permission to operate on the lucrative Heathrow/US routes – because these routes are unavailable to the company, they are losing out on money from the tickets that would be purchased by customers therefore customers would use rival companies to get to these destinations †¢No eastern European routes are operated as yet – because these routes are not operated yet, the company is losing out on money from the tickets that would be purchased by customers, therefore customers would use rival companies to get to the destinations †¢Being situated near Gatwick is expensive in rents and rates – the rent and rates will bring down the profit that the company will make †¢Cabin Crew have c reated some bad press locally – if this carries on, the customers will stop using the company and use one of its rival companies †¢Pilots are only qualified to fly particular aircraft – other pilots will need to be brought in that are trained to fly other aircraft, so more wages and training will need to be paid out that will reduce the profits †¢There are no pilots who can fly all the different aircraft in the company fleet – other pilots will need to be brought in that are trained to fly other aircraft, so more wages and training will need to be paid out that will reduce the profits †¢The airline employs its own ground crew and baggage handlers and finds it difficult to recruit enough people – this means that jobs will take longer to do so there will be a longer wait for departures and arrivals at the airports which will upset customers and may tempt them to use rival companies †¢The capacity of each aircraft is different so it is ot possible to switch aircraft from route to route – if a problem occurs with one particular aircraft and makes it dangerous to fly, it will have to stop and passengers will have a big delay as they all won’t fit on any of the other aircraft available at that particular time. Customers will become unhappy with the company and may use rivals from then on †¢Because half of the Airbus and Embraer fleet has been bought new in 2002, it has been a major expense – as it has been a big expense, there is a massive drop in the profits that the company are making so there is less money to spend on other things, although the money has been spent well Opportunities †¢The airline would like to expand operations from Heathrow – with more operations the company would bring in more money which will add to the profits. †¢Considering becoming a member of Star Alliance Considering new measures including sponsorship and developing a relationship with educational establishments – these opportunities will increase the company’s reputation with the establishments and also bring in more money towards the profit that they are making †¢Kestrel Air may decide to contract out ground crew and baggage handlers – this means the company will bring in more people that are capable of doing the job quicker to make sure arrival and departure times are kept †¢Kestrel Air hope to consolidate the type of aircraft in the future to cut back operating costs and cut pilot training costs – this will save the company money which will add to the profits Threats †¢Germanic Air has substantial debts and likely to sell its shares (22%) – as 22% is owned by the Germanic’s there will be a massive whole in the shareholders which will cause disruption to the way the company is run. This may result in loss of money and disruptions in the way staff are paid. Staff could go on strike leaving the customers to use rival c ompanies †¢The turnover of Cabin Crew is high †¢Training for the Cabin Crew is constant – if the training is constant, then oney is always being paid out to fund it which will keep profits down and will waste money as they keep bringing in new staff that need training †¢Many airlines consolidate the type of aircraft in order to save on operating and engineering costs – as other companies are doing this, they will save money unlike Kestrel Airways, and they may become under threat with their finances and rival companies will take control of the percentage of people using airlines †¢Profits are going down so costs are getting higher as they are making about the same amount each year – if this carries on then the company will start to lose money each year and the company will start to become unsuccessful Political Failed to gain permission to operate on the lucrative Heathrow/US routes because of a restriction arising from the Bermuda 2 treaty à ¢â‚¬â€œ the US are wanting the routes so therefore Britain are having to agree and not make the money from them †¢Taxes on fuel etc – as taxes are going up, more money is being spent than what is coming in so therefore the company will end up losing money Economical †¢The World is currently in a recession – more people are not travelling abroad because they can’t afford it so instead they are taking holidays in Britain or not at all †¢Germanic Air is an ailing airline with substantial debts and is likely to sell its shares (22%) – as the German company own a large percentage, there will be a massive hole in the shares, which will disrupt the way the company is run and may become bankrupt †¢Taxes on fuel etc – as taxes are going up, more money is being spent than what is coming in so therefore the company will end up losing money Social The Euro is too high – as of this, people are avoiding flying to European destinations as it would be cheaper to go to long haul destinations such as the Caribbean because of the currency over there is cheaper †¢People are choosing different destinations each year – as of this, Kestrel Air need to keep up on what are the most popular holiday destinations, whether they are long haul or short haul and get flights to the destinations so that customers don’t use other companies †¢Cabin crew have recently created some bad press and exacerbated the problem of recruitment – as many people are not recruiting, the company aren’t getting in enough people as they need to do jobs so jobs will be running slower than normal which can cause disruption with the way the company is run which will affect departure times, therefore customers will become unhappy and start using rival airlines Technological Half of the Airbus and Embraer fleet has been bought new in 2002 – all the new planes will have new, trusted technology in them that was bet ter than the previous planes which will gain customer confidence and make them want to travel with the company †¢Kestrel Air has its own website where customers are able to book online – this will be easier for customers that are wanting tickets as they don’t need to leave their homes in order to book a flight, it can be done quickly, easily and securely over the internet †¢Full body scanners – these are all located at the airports to check people for weapons, bombs etc to stop terrorism. The scanners add safety and comfort to the passengers because they know that anybody will be caught that has suspicious items †¢Self check in at airports – this means that as soon as customers arrive at the airports, they can check themselves in which will be quicker and easier for them, which will reduce queue’s and late departures

The Top 100 German Surnames

German last names originate from places and professions in  Germany and far beyond, as a list of 100 of the most common German surnames shows. The list was initially created by searching for the most common last names in German telephone books. Where variations of a spelling of a surname occurred, those monikers are listed as separate names. For instance, Schmidt, which is ranked No. 2, also appears as Schmitt (No. 24), and Schmid (No. 26). This list is different than one showing  popular German surnames  with their English translations. The Origin of German Last Names The meanings of German last names are those as defined initially when these names became surnames. For example, the surname Meyer means dairy farmer today, whereas, during the Middle Ages, Meyer designated people who were stewards of landholders. Most German surnames derive either from archaic professions (such as Schmidt, Mà ¼ller, Weber, or Schà ¤fer) or places. Few of the latter are on the following list, but examples include Brinkmann, Berger, and Frank. German Last Names and Their Meanings In the table, the German name is listed on the left, with its origin (and explanation if needed) on the right. The acronyms OHG and MHG stand for Old High German and Middle High German, respectively. The acronyms are noted because you wont find the translations for these names in standard online translators or even most German dictionaries. German Surname Meaning/Origin Mà ¼ller miller Schmidt smith Schneider taylor Fischer fisher Weber weaver Schà ¤fer shepherd Meyer (MHG) steward of landholder; leaseholder Wagner wagoner Becker from Bà ¤cker baker Bauer farmer Hoffmann landed farmer Schulz mayor Koch cook Richter judge Klein small Wolf wolf Schrà ¶der carter Neumann new man Braun brown Werner (OHG) defense army Schwarz black Hofmann landed farmer Zimmermann carpenter Schmitt Smith Hartmann strong man Schmid Smith Weiß white Schmitz Smith Krà ¼ger potter Lange long Meier (MHG) steward of land; leaseholder Walter leader, ruler Kà ¶hler charcoal-maker Maier (MHG) steward of landholder; leaseholder Beck from Bach–stream; Bà ¤cker–baker Kà ¶nig king Krause curly-haired Schulze mayor Huber landowner Mayer steward of landholder; leaseholder Frank from Franconia Lehmann serf Kaiser emperor Fuchs fox Herrmann warrior Lang long Thomas (Aramaic) twin Peters (Greek) rock Stein rock, stone Jung young Mà ¶ller miller Berger from French–shepherd Martin (Latin) war-like Friedrich (OHG) fridu–peace, rihhi–powerful Scholz mayor Keller cellar Groß big Hahn rooster Roth from rot–red Gà ¼nther (Scandinavian) warrior Vogel bird Schubert (MHG) Schuochwà ¼rchte–shoemaker Winkler from Winkel–angle Schuster shoemaker; Jà ¤ger–hunter Lorenz (Latin) Laurentius Ludwig (OHG) luth–famous, wig–war Baumann - farmer Heinrich (OHG) heim–home and rihhi–powerful Otto OHG ot–property, inheritance Simon (Hebrew) God has listened Graf count, earl Kraus curly-haired Krà ¤mer small trader, dealer Bà ¶hm of Bohemia Schulte from Schultheiß–debt-broker Albrecht (OHG) adal–noble, bereht–famous Franke (Old French) Franconia Winter winter Schumacher cobbler, shoemaker Vogt steward Haas (MHG) nickname for rabbit hunter; coward Sommer summer Schreiber writer, scribe Engel angel Ziegler brickmaker Dietrich (OHG) people’s ruler Brandt fire, burn Seidel mug Kuhn councilman Busch bush Horn horn Arnold (OHG) strength of an eagle Kà ¼hn councilman Bergmann miner Pohl Polish Pfeiffer piper Wolff wolf Voigt steward Sauer sour